추상대수학, 그 열아홉 번째 이야기 | 군의 부분집합의 Centralizer와 Normalizer ( Centralizer & Normalizer of Subset in Group )  By 초코맛 도비

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In this post, we will learn about the centralizer and normalizer of a subset in a group.

First of all, let's find out what centralizer is.

 

Definition 1. Centralizer

The centralizer CG(S) of a subset S in a group G is defined as CG(S)={gG|sS,gs=sg}={gG|sS,gsg1=s}. If there is no ambiguity about the group in question, the G can be suppressed from the notation. When S={a} is a singleton set, we write CG(a) instead of CG({a}).
Furthermore, the centralizer of a group G itself is called the center of a group G. The center of a group G is denoted by Z(G).

 

Now that we know what centralizer is, let's find out what normalizer is.

 

Definition 2. Normalizer

The normalizer NG(S) of a subset S in a group G is defined as NG(S)={gG|gS=Sg}={gG|gSg1=S}. The same notational conventions mentioned above for centralizers also apply to normalizers.

 

The definitions are similar but not identical. If g is in the centralizer of S and s is in S, then it must be that gs=sg, but if g is in the normalizer, then gs=tg for some t in S, with t possibly different from s. That is, elements of the centralizer of S must commute pointwise with S, but elements of the normalizer of S need only commute with S as a set.

Now that we have defined centralizer and normalizer, it is time to think about the properties of them. Let's look at the theorem below.

 

Theorem 1. Properties of Centralizers and Normalizers

Belows are the properties of the centralizers and normalizers:
(a) The centralizer and normalizer of subset S in a group G are both subgroups of G.
(b) The centralizer of S is always a normal subgroup of the normalizer of S.
(c) CG(CG(S)) contains S.
(d) If H is a subgroup of G, then the normalizer of H is the largest subgroup of G in which H is normal.
(e) If S is a subset of G such that all elements of S commute with each other, then the centralizer of S is the largest subgroup of G whose center contains S.

 

Proof.

Part (a), (b), (c)

Since it is obvious, leave the proof to the readers.

 

Part (d)

It is clear that H is normal in the normalizer of H.

Now consider a subgroup K of the group G in which H is normal.

Then kHk1=H holds for every kK.

Hence, by the definition of normalizer, K is a subset of the normalizer of H and K is therefore a subgroup of NG(H).

 

Part (e)

If all elements of S commute with each other, then it is obvious that the center of the centralizer of S contains the set S.

Now let K be a subgroup of the group G whose center contains S.

In that condition, sk=ks holds for every kK and sS.

Therefore, by the definition of centralizer, the centralizer of S contains K and, hence, K is a subgroup of the centralizer of H.

 

In addition, there are various other properties, but they are omitted for concision.

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